{"id":5707,"date":"2022-01-09T02:43:13","date_gmt":"2022-01-09T02:43:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.digmandarin.com\/?p=5707"},"modified":"2022-05-04T03:35:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-04T03:35:21","slug":"chinese-sentence-structures-exceptions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.digmandarin.com\/chinese-sentence-structures-exceptions.html","title":{"rendered":"Chinese: Sentence Structures & Exceptions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In Chinese the sentence words order is especially important, partly as a consequence of its lack of case endings for nouns. There are no special endings of noun in Chinese to indicate adjectives, adverbs and etc. like in English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although Chinese is not the only language where the sentence words order is important, it is extremely important to take care of the right Chinese Sentence order. A slight difference in the words order may result in a completely different sentence and meaning. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some person\/people have come<\/em>
\u6765\u4eba\u4e86 <\/em>
l\u00e1i r\u00e9n Le<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The person\/people (we expecting to) have come<\/em>
\u4eba\u6765\u4e86<\/em>
r\u00e9n l\u00e1i Le<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The meanings are different in the two sentences. Also, the Chinese sentence words order is very different from English, like this example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

English: who are you?<\/em>
Chinese: \u4f60\u662f\u8c01\uff1f\uff08n\u01d0 sh\u00ec sh\u00e9i?\uff09<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So a word-by-word translation from English to Chinese would result in meaningless sentences in Chinese. There is no way to make sense of the Chinese words order from English. The aim of this article is to explain clearly and intuitively the rules of the Chinese sentence structure and point out some important exceptions. Let\u2019s take a look.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The basic sentence pattern in Chinese is similar to English and it follows this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is an example of what this would look like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He read Chinese book.<\/em>
\u4ed6        \u770b               \u4e2d\u6587\u4e66 <\/em>
t\u0101       k\u00e0n         zh\u014dng w\u00e9n sh\u016b<\/em>
S          V                    O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If there is also an indirect object, it always precedes the direct object. It will look like this structure followed by good sentence examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He bought me a dog.<\/em>
\u4ed6    \u7ed9\u6211         \u4e70\u4e86       \u4e00\u53ea\u72d7<\/em>
t\u0101    g\u011bi w\u01d2    m\u01cei Le    y\u012b zh\u012b g\u01d2u<\/em>
S        IO            V                O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

He smiled to me.<\/em>
\u4ed6   \u5bf9\u6211       \u7b11\u4e86       \u4e00\u7b11<\/em>
t\u0101   du\u00ec w\u01d2  xi\u00e0o le    y\u012b xi\u00e0o<\/em>
S       IO           V             O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

He send me a book.<\/em>
\u4ed6   \u9001           \u6211           \u4e00 \u672c \u4e66<\/em>
t\u0101   s\u00f2ng       w\u01d2          y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b<\/em>
S     V             IO                O   <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Differences from Chinese and English:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

The Location of Prepositions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n

Now we will look into differences in the Chinese grammar compared to English. Prepositions (\u4ecb\u8bcd) are words that come before nouns and pronouns to expressing time, place, direction, objective, reason, means, dependence, passivity, comparison, etc. Common prepositions in Chinese are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728z\u00e0i (in\/on)\uff0c \u4ecec\u00f2ng (from)\uff0c\u5411xi\u00e0ng(towards)\uff0c\u8ddfg\u0113n(with)\uff0c\u5f80w\u01ceng(to, towards)\uff0c\u5230d\u00e0o (to a place, until a certain time)\uff0c\u5bf9du\u00ec(for)\uff0c\u7ed9g\u011bi (to, for)\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8edu\u00ecy\u00fa(regarding )\uff0c\u5173\u4e8egu\u0101ny\u00fa(concerning ,about)\uff0c\u628ab\u01ce(to hold)\uff0c\u88abb\u00e8i(by)\uff0c\u6bd4b\u01d0(particle used for comparison )\uff0c \u6839\u636eg\u0113nj\u00f9 (based on)\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86w\u00e8ile (in order to )\uff0c\u9664\u4e86ch\u00fale (except for)\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preposition always occur right before the verb and its objects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are a couple examples of preposition in Chinese:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Add milk to the flour.<\/em>
\u5f80               \u9762\u7c89\u91cc                 \u52a0             \u725b\u5976<\/em>
w\u01ceng       mi\u00e0n f\u011bn l\u01d0           ji\u0101            ni\u00fa n\u01cei<\/em>
Prep.            Place                 V                O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A flight from Beijing to Chengdu takes 2.5 hours.<\/em>
\u4ece           \u5317\u4eac        \u5230           \u6210\u90fd             \u5750\u98de\u673a      \u8981           \u4e24 \u4e2a\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6<\/em>
C\u00f3ng   b\u011bi j\u012bng    d\u00e0o       ch\u00e9ng d\u016b    zu\u00f2f\u0113i j\u012b   y\u00e0o  li\u01ceng g\u00e8 b\u00e0n xi\u01ceosh\u00ed   <\/em>
Prep     Place      Prep         Place           <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

The Adverb Placement<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n

Adverbs (describes the verb) in Chinese typically occur at the beginning of the predicate before an adjective, verb and preposition. Here are examples of adverbs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53eazh\u01d0(only)\uff0c\u624dc\u00e1i (only ,only then)\uff0c\u90fdd\u014du (all)\uff0c\u80af\u5b9ak\u011bn d\u00ecng (sure)\uff0c \u4e00\u5b9ay\u012bd\u00ecng (surely, certainly), \u5f88h\u011bn (very)\uff0c\u592at\u00e0i (too much, very)\uff0c\u591fg\u00f2u(enough)\uff0c\u975e\u5e38f\u0113ich\u00e1ng (extremely)\uff0c \u5df2\u7ecfy\u01d0j\u012bng (already)\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38j\u012bng ch\u00e1ng(frequently)\uff0c \u5c06\u8981ji\u0101ngy\u00e0o(will, shall)\uff0c \u6700\u540ezu\u00ech\u00f2u(finally)\uff0c\u5f53\u521dd\u0101ng ch\u016b(at that time \/ originally)\uff0c\u53ef\u80fdk\u011bn\u00e9ng (maybe)\uff0c \u5927\u6982d\u00e0g\u00e0i(approximate)\uff0c \u6216\u8bb8hu\u00f2x\u01d4(perhaps , maybe)\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4ej\u012bh\u016b(almost)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are a few ways of how it would be used in Chinese:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They all can speak Japanese.<\/em>
\u4ed6\u4eec            \u90fd            \u4f1a\u8bf4             \u65e5\u8bed<\/em>
t\u0101men       d\u014du        hu\u00ecshu\u014d         r\u00ec y\u01d4 <\/em>
S                 Adv           V                   O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That tall man goes away in a hurry.<\/em>
\u90a3\u4e2a\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u7537\u4eba                          \u5306\u5306\u5730                     \u8d70\u4e86<\/em>
n\u00e0g\u00e8 h\u011bn g\u0101o de n\u00e1n r\u00e9n        c\u014dng c\u014dng de           z\u01d2u Le<\/em>
S                                                      Adv                            V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

He likes the cat very much.<\/em>
\u4ed6      \u975e\u5e38             \u559c\u6b22             \u732b\u3002       <\/em>
T\u0101    f\u0113ich\u00e1ng    x\u01d0hu\u0101n        m\u0101o.   <\/em>
S         Adv               V                 O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

The Location Word<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n

The location word almost always occurs before the verb in Chinese. There are exceptions we will discuss them in a next lesson. Here is the structure frame and an example of how it is used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I work in Beijing.<\/em>
\u6211     \u5728           \u5317\u4eac             \u5de5\u4f5c<\/em>
w\u01d2    z\u00e0i        b\u011bi j\u012bng      g\u014dng zu\u00f2<\/em><\/em>
S      prep       place               V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the description of the place contents several places, then the order in Chinese is always from the biggest place to the smallest. It would look like the following sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China,                      Beijing University,        Department of Mathematic<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u56fd                                <\/em>\u5317\u4eac <\/em>\u5927\u5b66                          <\/em>\u6570\u5b66 <\/em>\u7cfb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

zh\u014dng gu\u00f3                 b\u011bi j\u012bng d\u00e0 xu\u00e9                   sh\u00f9 xu\u00e9 x<\/em>\u00ec<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

the biggest place      smaller place                the smallest place<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

The Placement of \u2018time when’<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n

Unlike English, a word that indicates the \u2018time when\u2019 a situation in Chinese is placed at the beginning of the predicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a few examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I had a dinner yesterday.<\/em>
\u6211      \u6628\u5929                 \u5403\u4e86\u665a\u996d<\/em>
w\u01d2   zu\u00f3ti\u0101n<\/em>           ch\u012ble w\u01cen f\u00e0n<\/em>
S      time when            predicate<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I will go to Shanghai tomorrow.<\/em>
\u6211         \u660e\u5929         \u8981\u53bb\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002<\/em>
W\u01d2   m\u00edngti\u0101n     y\u00e0o q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngh\u01cei.<\/em>
S     time when      predicate<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I will send it via email this afternoon.<\/em>
\u6211          \u4eca\u5929\u4e0b\u5348             \u7528\u7535\u90ae\u53d1\u3002<\/em>
W\u01d2       j\u012bnti\u0101n xi\u00e0w\u01d4       y\u00f3ng  di\u00e0ny\u00f3u f\u0101.<\/em>
S          time when            predicate<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

With time and location, which comes first?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When a sentence includes both a \u2018time when\u2019 and a location, \u2018time when\u2019 generally occurs before location. Both of them will come before the verb in the sentence frame like the examples given.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I swim in swimming pool every day.<\/em>
\u6211       \u6bcf\u5929         \u5728              \u6e38\u6cf3\u6c60                  \u6e38\u6cf3 <\/em>
w\u01d2   m\u011bi ti\u0101n    z\u00e0i           y\u00f3u y\u01d2ng ch\u00ed        y\u00f3uy\u01d2ng<\/em>
S     Time         Prep          Place                         V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I eat in the cafeteria at school every day. <\/em>
\u6211      \u6bcf \u5929        \u5728         \u5b66 \u6821 \u98df \u5802              \u5403\u996d <\/em>
w\u01d2   m\u011bi ti\u0101n    z\u00e0i     xu\u00e9 xi\u00e0o sh\u00ed tang     ch\u012bf\u00e0n <\/em>
S         Time                    Place                           V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

The Time Duration Words<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n

Duration of time word indicates the length of time that an action occurs. Time duration directly follow the verb. Unlike English no preposition is associated with it. See the following structure and examples<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I slept two hours yesterday afternoon.<\/em>
\u6211          \u6628\u5929\u4e0b\u5348                \u7761\u4e86    \u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u3002<\/em>
w\u01d2     zu\u00f3ti\u0101n xi\u00e0 w\u01d4     shu\u00ecle    li\u01ceng g\u00e8 xi\u01ceo sh\u00ed<\/em>
S           Time                        V          time duretion<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I run every day.<\/em>
\u6211       \u6bcf\u5929             \u8dd1\u6b65 <\/em>
w\u01d2     m\u011biti\u0101n      p\u01ceob\u00f9    <\/em>
S        Time            V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yesterday I bought several books                          <\/em>
\u6628\u5929             \u6211           \u4e70\u4e86       \u51e0\u672c\u4e66\u3002<\/em>
zu\u00f3ti\u0101n      w\u01d2          m\u01ceile      j\u01d0b\u011bnsh\u016b<\/em>
Time              S               V            O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In summary, The Chinese sentence structure is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are some tips you can follow to better remember the sentence structure. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. The subject can be located after the time.<\/li>
  2. Sometime the duration of time word is an adverb phrase, which describes a verb or an adjective phrase describing a noun. In this case it is located before the verb (or noun) and not after it. Pay attention not to let it confuse you. (Look at examples)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Since coming to China, I learnt Chinese very hard for three hours every day with my sister in Beijing University. <\/em>
    \u81ea\u4ece\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6211\u548c\u59b9\u59b9\u6bcf\u5929\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u52aa\u529b\u5b66\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u6587<\/em>
    Time                    S                      Location   Adv.V.    O                  <\/span><\/em>
    z\u00ec c\u00f3ng l\u00e1i d\u00e0o zh\u014dng gu\u00f3\uff0cw\u01d2 h\u00e9 m\u00e8i mei m\u011bi ti\u0101n z\u00e0i b\u011bi j\u012bng d\u00e0 xu\u00e9   n\u01d4 l\u00ec xu\u00e9 x\u00ed s\u0101n g\u00e8 xi\u01ceo sh\u00ed de zh\u014dng w\u00e9n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    My dog lies in the couch of living room all day. <\/em>
    \u6211\u7684\u72d7             \u6574\u5929       \u5728\u5ba2\u5385\u7684\u6c99\u53d1\u4e0a             \u8eba\u7740       \u7761\u61d2\u89c9\u3002<\/em>
    S                     Time          Location                       How          V<\/span><\/em>
    w\u01d2 de g\u01d2u zh\u011bng ti\u0101n z\u00e0i k\u00e8 t\u012bng l\u01d0 de sh\u0101 f\u0101 sh\u00e0ng t\u01ceng zhe      shu\u00ec l\u01cen ji\u00e0o<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

    Important Exceptions in the Chinese sentence order<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n

    As we know the basic Chinese sentence order is: Subject + Time (when) + Place + verb. There are some special verbs, which seem to be allowed to break the rules.<\/strong> These verbs are put before the place and not after it as usual. For these verbs we have the structure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Which verbs are breaking the rules? There are two kinds of these verbs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1.<\/strong> Verbs implying movement or location:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f4f(zh\u00f9\/live), \u653e (f\u00e0ng\/put), \u5750 (zu\u00f2\/sit), \u7ad9 (zh\u00e0n\/stand)\uff0c\u8d70 (z\u01d2u\/walk)\uff0c\u53bb (q\u00f9\/go)\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230 (d\u00e1 d\u00e0o\/arrive)\uff0c\u6765 (l\u00e1i\/come)\uff0c\u98de (f\u0113i\/fly)\uff0c\u6254 (r\u0113ng\/throw)\uff0c\u5f85 (d\u0101i\/stay), etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. <\/strong>Verbs that express variability from one situation to another in this place:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u7ed3 (ji\u0113\/ bear fruit )\uff0c\u79ef\u7d2f\/\u79ef (j\u012b l\u011bi \/ accumulate) , \u751f\u957f (sh\u0113ng zh\u01ceng\/ grow )\uff0c\u70f9\u996a(p\u0113ng r\u00e8n\/cooking), etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Here are several exception examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The food is put in the stove<\/em>
    \u98df\u7269\u653e\u5728\u7089\u5b50\u4e0a (type 2)<\/em>
    (sh\u00ed w\u00f9 f\u00e0ng z\u00e0i l\u00fa zi sh\u00e0ng)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Banana grow on the tree.<\/em>
    \u9999\u8549\u7ed3\u5728\u6811\u4e0a (type 2)<\/em>
    (xi\u0101ng ji\u0101o ji\u0113 z\u00e0i sh\u00f9 sh\u00e0ng) <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Don’t throw on the ground.<\/em>
    \u4e0d\u8981\u6254\u5728\u5730\u4e0a (type 1)<\/em>
    (b\u00fa y\u00e0o r\u0113ng z\u00e0i di sh\u00e0ng) <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kids always like sitting on the ground.<\/em>
    \u5b69\u5b50 \u603b\u662f \u559c\u6b22 \u5750 \u5728 \u5730 \u4e0a (type 1)<\/em>
    (h\u00e1i zi z\u01d2ng sh\u00ec x\u01d0 huan zu\u00f2 z\u00e0i d\u00ec sh\u00e0ng)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This may be a lot of information to take in and may be overwhelming but don’t fret. If you continue to listen and read as much real Chinese as you can, it will let you get a natural feel for these exceptions and put them before the place word naturally. These verbs can be also used in the normal order (after the place) in case we want to emphasize the place. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I live in US<\/em>
    \u6211\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f4f\u3002<\/em>
    (w\u01d2 z\u00e0i m\u011bi gu\u00f3 zh\u00f9) (not in china).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

    Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n

    Chinese grammar is not difficult; I believe learning the grammar of any language is usually done by repetition. However I still want to suggest a way to make the use of the correct sentence words order easier for Dig Mandarin audiences. Take an easy Chinese sentence, which still contains most of the sentence grammatical words (like subject, object, verb, prepositions and etc.) and say it to yourself for some days until you will be able to recite it fluently. Then, whenever you need to compose a sentence in Chinese only check the situation in this sentence frame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I can also promise you this: as you progress in Chinese, you will feel you are grasping the sense of the language. The more you listen to Chinese speaking (don’t give up if you don’t understand every sentence) the more you will get an understanding of the language. Then you will not need to recite the grammar anymore and instead know it by your inner feeling and intuition. You will notice that your mistakes are less and less without thinking. So listen to Chinese as much as you can. You will then see miracles!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    In Chinese the sentence words order is especially important, partly as a consequence of its lack of case endings for nouns. There are no special endings of noun in Chinese to indicate adjectives, adverbs and etc. like in English. Although Chinese is not the only language where the sentence words order is important, it is…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":5710,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,176],"tags":[7],"post_series":[],"class_list":["post-5707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learn-mandarin-online","category-usage","tag-grammar","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\nChinese: Sentence Structures & Exceptions<\/title>\n <meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=index-547.html \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chinese: Sentence Structures & Exceptions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In Chinese the sentence words order is especially important, partly as a consequence of its lack of case endings for nouns. 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