{"id":5707,"date":"2022-01-09T02:43:13","date_gmt":"2022-01-09T02:43:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.digmandarin.com\/?p=5707"},"modified":"2022-05-04T03:35:21","modified_gmt":"2022-05-04T03:35:21","slug":"chinese-sentence-structures-exceptions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.digmandarin.com\/chinese-sentence-structures-exceptions.html","title":{"rendered":"Chinese: Sentence Structures & Exceptions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
In Chinese the sentence words order is especially important, partly as a consequence of its lack of case endings for nouns. There are no special endings of noun in Chinese to indicate adjectives, adverbs and etc. like in English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although Chinese is not the only language where the sentence words order is important, it is extremely important to take care of the right Chinese Sentence order. A slight difference in the words order may result in a completely different sentence and meaning. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Some person\/people have come<\/em> The person\/people (we expecting to) have come<\/em> The meanings are different in the two sentences. Also, the Chinese sentence words order is very different from English, like this example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n English: who are you?<\/em> So a word-by-word translation from English to Chinese would result in meaningless sentences in Chinese. There is no way to make sense of the Chinese words order from English. The aim of this article is to explain clearly and intuitively the rules of the Chinese sentence structure and point out some important exceptions. Let\u2019s take a look.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The basic sentence pattern in Chinese is similar to English and it follows this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + Verb + Object (S-V-O)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Here is an example of what this would look like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n He read Chinese book.<\/em> If there is also an indirect object, it always precedes the direct object. It will look like this structure followed by good sentence examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (S-V-O-O)<\/p>\n\n\n\n He bought me a dog.<\/em> He smiled to me.<\/em> He send me a book.<\/em> Differences from Chinese and English:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n Now we will look into differences in the Chinese grammar compared to English. Prepositions (\u4ecb\u8bcd) are words that come before nouns and pronouns to expressing time, place, direction, objective, reason, means, dependence, passivity, comparison, etc. Common prepositions in Chinese are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u5728z\u00e0i (in\/on)\uff0c \u4ecec\u00f2ng (from)\uff0c\u5411xi\u00e0ng(towards)\uff0c\u8ddfg\u0113n(with)\uff0c\u5f80w\u01ceng(to, towards)\uff0c\u5230d\u00e0o (to a place, until a certain time)\uff0c\u5bf9du\u00ec(for)\uff0c\u7ed9g\u011bi (to, for)\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8edu\u00ecy\u00fa(regarding )\uff0c\u5173\u4e8egu\u0101ny\u00fa(concerning ,about)\uff0c\u628ab\u01ce(to hold)\uff0c\u88abb\u00e8i(by)\uff0c\u6bd4b\u01d0(particle used for comparison )\uff0c \u6839\u636eg\u0113nj\u00f9 (based on)\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86w\u00e8ile (in order to )\uff0c\u9664\u4e86ch\u00fale (except for)\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Preposition always occur right before the verb and its objects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + preposition + verb + direct object<\/p>\n\n\n\n Here are a couple examples of preposition in Chinese:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Add milk to the flour.<\/em> A flight from Beijing to Chengdu takes 2.5 hours.<\/em> Adverbs (describes the verb) in Chinese typically occur at the beginning of the predicate before an adjective, verb and preposition. Here are examples of adverbs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u53eazh\u01d0(only)\uff0c\u624dc\u00e1i (only ,only then)\uff0c\u90fdd\u014du (all)\uff0c\u80af\u5b9ak\u011bn d\u00ecng (sure)\uff0c \u4e00\u5b9ay\u012bd\u00ecng (surely, certainly), \u5f88h\u011bn (very)\uff0c\u592at\u00e0i (too much, very)\uff0c\u591fg\u00f2u(enough)\uff0c\u975e\u5e38f\u0113ich\u00e1ng (extremely)\uff0c \u5df2\u7ecfy\u01d0j\u012bng (already)\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38j\u012bng ch\u00e1ng(frequently)\uff0c \u5c06\u8981ji\u0101ngy\u00e0o(will, shall)\uff0c \u6700\u540ezu\u00ech\u00f2u(finally)\uff0c\u5f53\u521dd\u0101ng ch\u016b(at that time \/ originally)\uff0c\u53ef\u80fdk\u011bn\u00e9ng (maybe)\uff0c \u5927\u6982d\u00e0g\u00e0i(approximate)\uff0c \u6216\u8bb8hu\u00f2x\u01d4(perhaps , maybe)\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4ej\u012bh\u016b(almost)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Here are a few ways of how it would be used in Chinese:<\/p>\n\n\n\n They all can speak Japanese.<\/em> That tall man goes away in a hurry.<\/em> He likes the cat very much.<\/em> The location word almost always occurs before the verb in Chinese. There are exceptions we will discuss them in a next lesson. Here is the structure frame and an example of how it is used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + location + verb<\/p>\n\n\n\n I work in Beijing.<\/em> If the description of the place contents several places, then the order in Chinese is always from the biggest place to the smallest. It would look like the following sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n China, Beijing University, Department of Mathematic<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4e2d\u56fd <\/em>\u5317\u4eac <\/em>\u5927\u5b66 <\/em>\u6570\u5b66 <\/em>\u7cfb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n zh\u014dng gu\u00f3 b\u011bi j\u012bng d\u00e0 xu\u00e9 sh\u00f9 xu\u00e9 x<\/em>\u00ec<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n the biggest place smaller place the smallest place<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n Unlike English, a word that indicates the \u2018time when\u2019 a situation in Chinese is placed at the beginning of the predicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + time when + predicate<\/p>\n\n\n\n For a few examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n I had a dinner yesterday.<\/em> I will go to Shanghai tomorrow.<\/em> I will send it via email this afternoon.<\/em> With time and location, which comes first?<\/p>\n\n\n\n When a sentence includes both a \u2018time when\u2019 and a location, \u2018time when\u2019 generally occurs before location. Both of them will come before the verb in the sentence frame like the examples given.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + time when + location + verb<\/p>\n\n\n\n I swim in swimming pool every day.<\/em> I eat in the cafeteria at school every day. <\/em> Duration of time word indicates the length of time that an action occurs. Time duration directly follow the verb. Unlike English no preposition is associated with it. See the following structure and examples<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + verb + time duration<\/p>\n\n\n\n I slept two hours yesterday afternoon.<\/em> I run every day.<\/em> Yesterday I bought several books <\/em> In summary, The Chinese sentence structure is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + time preposition + Time + location preposition + Location (from the biggest to the smallest) + how (can be adverb or a phrase containing a preposition.) + Verb + time duration + indirect object + Object<\/p>\n\n\n\n Here are some tips you can follow to better remember the sentence structure. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Since coming to China, I learnt Chinese very hard for three hours every day with my sister in Beijing University. <\/em> My dog lies in the couch of living room all day. <\/em> As we know the basic Chinese sentence order is: Subject + Time (when) + Place + verb. There are some special verbs, which seem to be allowed to break the rules.<\/strong> These verbs are put before the place and not after it as usual. For these verbs we have the structure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Subject + Time (when) + verb + Place <\/p>\n\n\n\n Which verbs are breaking the rules? There are two kinds of these verbs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.<\/strong> Verbs implying movement or location:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u4f4f(zh\u00f9\/live), \u653e (f\u00e0ng\/put), \u5750 (zu\u00f2\/sit), \u7ad9 (zh\u00e0n\/stand)\uff0c\u8d70 (z\u01d2u\/walk)\uff0c\u53bb (q\u00f9\/go)\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230 (d\u00e1 d\u00e0o\/arrive)\uff0c\u6765 (l\u00e1i\/come)\uff0c\u98de (f\u0113i\/fly)\uff0c\u6254 (r\u0113ng\/throw)\uff0c\u5f85 (d\u0101i\/stay), etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. <\/strong>Verbs that express variability from one situation to another in this place:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u7ed3 (ji\u0113\/ bear fruit )\uff0c\u79ef\u7d2f\/\u79ef (j\u012b l\u011bi \/ accumulate) , \u751f\u957f (sh\u0113ng zh\u01ceng\/ grow )\uff0c\u70f9\u996a(p\u0113ng r\u00e8n\/cooking), etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Here are several exception examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n The food is put in the stove<\/em> Banana grow on the tree.<\/em> Don’t throw on the ground.<\/em> Kids always like sitting on the ground.<\/em> This may be a lot of information to take in and may be overwhelming but don’t fret. If you continue to listen and read as much real Chinese as you can, it will let you get a natural feel for these exceptions and put them before the place word naturally. These verbs can be also used in the normal order (after the place) in case we want to emphasize the place. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n I live in US<\/em> Chinese grammar is not difficult; I believe learning the grammar of any language is usually done by repetition. However I still want to suggest a way to make the use of the correct sentence words order easier for Dig Mandarin audiences. Take an easy Chinese sentence, which still contains most of the sentence grammatical words (like subject, object, verb, prepositions and etc.) and say it to yourself for some days until you will be able to recite it fluently. Then, whenever you need to compose a sentence in Chinese only check the situation in this sentence frame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n I can also promise you this: as you progress in Chinese, you will feel you are grasping the sense of the language. The more you listen to Chinese speaking (don’t give up if you don’t understand every sentence) the more you will get an understanding of the language. Then you will not need to recite the grammar anymore and instead know it by your inner feeling and intuition. You will notice that your mistakes are less and less without thinking. So listen to Chinese as much as you can. You will then see miracles!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" In Chinese the sentence words order is especially important, partly as a consequence of its lack of case endings for nouns. There are no special endings of noun in Chinese to indicate adjectives, adverbs and etc. like in English. Although Chinese is not the only language where the sentence words order is important, it is…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":5710,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,176],"tags":[7],"post_series":[],"class_list":["post-5707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learn-mandarin-online","category-usage","tag-grammar","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"\n
\u6765\u4eba\u4e86 <\/em>
l\u00e1i r\u00e9n Le<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4eba\u6765\u4e86<\/em>
r\u00e9n l\u00e1i Le<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chinese: \u4f60\u662f\u8c01\uff1f\uff08n\u01d0 sh\u00ec sh\u00e9i?\uff09<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ed6 \u770b \u4e2d\u6587\u4e66 <\/em>
t\u0101 k\u00e0n zh\u014dng w\u00e9n sh\u016b<\/em>
S V O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ed6 \u7ed9\u6211 \u4e70\u4e86 \u4e00\u53ea\u72d7<\/em>
t\u0101 g\u011bi w\u01d2 m\u01cei Le y\u012b zh\u012b g\u01d2u<\/em>
S IO V O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ed6 \u5bf9\u6211 \u7b11\u4e86 \u4e00\u7b11<\/em>
t\u0101 du\u00ec w\u01d2 xi\u00e0o le y\u012b xi\u00e0o<\/em>
S IO V O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ed6 \u9001 \u6211 \u4e00 \u672c \u4e66<\/em>
t\u0101 s\u00f2ng w\u01d2 y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b<\/em>
S V IO O <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nThe Location of Prepositions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
\u5f80 \u9762\u7c89\u91cc \u52a0 \u725b\u5976<\/em>
w\u01ceng mi\u00e0n f\u011bn l\u01d0 ji\u0101 ni\u00fa n\u01cei<\/em>
Prep. Place V O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ece \u5317\u4eac \u5230 \u6210\u90fd \u5750\u98de\u673a \u8981 \u4e24 \u4e2a\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6<\/em>
C\u00f3ng b\u011bi j\u012bng d\u00e0o ch\u00e9ng d\u016b zu\u00f2f\u0113i j\u012b y\u00e0o li\u01ceng g\u00e8 b\u00e0n xi\u01ceosh\u00ed <\/em>
Prep Place Prep Place <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\nThe Adverb Placement<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
\u4ed6\u4eec \u90fd \u4f1a\u8bf4 \u65e5\u8bed<\/em>
t\u0101men d\u014du hu\u00ecshu\u014d r\u00ec y\u01d4 <\/em>
S Adv V O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u90a3\u4e2a\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u7537\u4eba \u5306\u5306\u5730 \u8d70\u4e86<\/em>
n\u00e0g\u00e8 h\u011bn g\u0101o de n\u00e1n r\u00e9n c\u014dng c\u014dng de z\u01d2u Le<\/em>
S Adv V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4ed6 \u975e\u5e38 \u559c\u6b22 \u732b\u3002 <\/em>
T\u0101 f\u0113ich\u00e1ng x\u01d0hu\u0101n m\u0101o. <\/em>
S Adv V O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\nThe Location Word<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
\u6211 \u5728 \u5317\u4eac \u5de5\u4f5c<\/em>
w\u01d2 z\u00e0i b\u011bi j\u012bng g\u014dng zu\u00f2<\/em><\/em>
S prep place V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nThe Placement of \u2018time when’<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
\u6211 \u6628\u5929 \u5403\u4e86\u665a\u996d<\/em>
w\u01d2 zu\u00f3ti\u0101n<\/em> ch\u012ble w\u01cen f\u00e0n<\/em>
S time when predicate<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211 \u660e\u5929 \u8981\u53bb\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002<\/em>
W\u01d2 m\u00edngti\u0101n y\u00e0o q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngh\u01cei.<\/em>
S time when predicate<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211 \u4eca\u5929\u4e0b\u5348 \u7528\u7535\u90ae\u53d1\u3002<\/em>
W\u01d2 j\u012bnti\u0101n xi\u00e0w\u01d4 y\u00f3ng di\u00e0ny\u00f3u f\u0101.<\/em>
S time when predicate<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211 \u6bcf\u5929 \u5728 \u6e38\u6cf3\u6c60 \u6e38\u6cf3 <\/em>
w\u01d2 m\u011bi ti\u0101n z\u00e0i y\u00f3u y\u01d2ng ch\u00ed y\u00f3uy\u01d2ng<\/em>
S Time Prep Place V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211 \u6bcf \u5929 \u5728 \u5b66 \u6821 \u98df \u5802 \u5403\u996d <\/em>
w\u01d2 m\u011bi ti\u0101n z\u00e0i xu\u00e9 xi\u00e0o sh\u00ed tang ch\u012bf\u00e0n <\/em>
S Time Place V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\nThe Time Duration Words<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
\u6211 \u6628\u5929\u4e0b\u5348 \u7761\u4e86 \u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u3002<\/em>
w\u01d2 zu\u00f3ti\u0101n xi\u00e0 w\u01d4 shu\u00ecle li\u01ceng g\u00e8 xi\u01ceo sh\u00ed<\/em>
S Time V time duretion<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211 \u6bcf\u5929 \u8dd1\u6b65 <\/em>
w\u01d2 m\u011biti\u0101n p\u01ceob\u00f9 <\/em>
S Time V<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6628\u5929 \u6211 \u4e70\u4e86 \u51e0\u672c\u4e66\u3002<\/em>
zu\u00f3ti\u0101n w\u01d2 m\u01ceile j\u01d0b\u011bnsh\u016b<\/em>
Time S V O<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u81ea\u4ece\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6211\u548c\u59b9\u59b9\u6bcf\u5929\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u52aa\u529b\u5b66\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u6587<\/em>
Time S Location Adv.V. O <\/span><\/em>
z\u00ec c\u00f3ng l\u00e1i d\u00e0o zh\u014dng gu\u00f3\uff0cw\u01d2 h\u00e9 m\u00e8i mei m\u011bi ti\u0101n z\u00e0i b\u011bi j\u012bng d\u00e0 xu\u00e9 n\u01d4 l\u00ec xu\u00e9 x\u00ed s\u0101n g\u00e8 xi\u01ceo sh\u00ed de zh\u014dng w\u00e9n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211\u7684\u72d7 \u6574\u5929 \u5728\u5ba2\u5385\u7684\u6c99\u53d1\u4e0a \u8eba\u7740 \u7761\u61d2\u89c9\u3002<\/em>
S Time Location How V<\/span><\/em>
w\u01d2 de g\u01d2u zh\u011bng ti\u0101n z\u00e0i k\u00e8 t\u012bng l\u01d0 de sh\u0101 f\u0101 sh\u00e0ng t\u01ceng zhe shu\u00ec l\u01cen ji\u00e0o<\/em><\/p>\n\n\nImportant Exceptions in the Chinese sentence order<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
\u98df\u7269\u653e\u5728\u7089\u5b50\u4e0a (type 2)<\/em>
(sh\u00ed w\u00f9 f\u00e0ng z\u00e0i l\u00fa zi sh\u00e0ng)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9999\u8549\u7ed3\u5728\u6811\u4e0a (type 2)<\/em>
(xi\u0101ng ji\u0101o ji\u0113 z\u00e0i sh\u00f9 sh\u00e0ng) <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e0d\u8981\u6254\u5728\u5730\u4e0a (type 1)<\/em>
(b\u00fa y\u00e0o r\u0113ng z\u00e0i di sh\u00e0ng) <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5b69\u5b50 \u603b\u662f \u559c\u6b22 \u5750 \u5728 \u5730 \u4e0a (type 1)<\/em>
(h\u00e1i zi z\u01d2ng sh\u00ec x\u01d0 huan zu\u00f2 z\u00e0i d\u00ec sh\u00e0ng)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6211\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f4f\u3002<\/em>
(w\u01d2 z\u00e0i m\u011bi gu\u00f3 zh\u00f9) (not in china).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\nConclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n